annotated bibliography
Primary Sources
Books
Schnibbe, Karl-Heinz. When Truth Was Treason. Comp., ed. and trans. Blair R. Holmes and Alan Keele. Chicago: U of Illinois, n.d. Print. This was a great primary source. The author, Karl-Heinz Schnibbe, was a member of the Helmuth Hubener group. He wrote this book many years after his resistance activities. He talks about his and the other members' experiences with their resistance. This would be very useful for anyone researching this group or these people. It is a first-hand account on what they did and includes valuable information, documents, and pictures. However, the only time I could use it was at the University of Washington Library. As I had a limited amount of time, I could only scan a few pages but what I could get has been a huge help to me. I was able to find documents, pictures, and even the groups Gestapo questioning sheets. These all gave me more information on their resistance and helped me to realize just how much the Gestapo "questioned" their prisoners.
Scholl, Inge. Die WeiBe Rose. Ed. Erika Meyer. Cambridge: Riverside, 1953. Print. Die WeiBe Rose was written by Inge Scholl who was the older sister of Hans and Sophie Scholl. She wrote this book after the war to explain who the White Rose were, what they did, and how the resisting began. She writes about her thoughts on the White Rose and how her family, including Hans and Sophie, felt about the White Rose. However, to read this book, the reader must be able to read German, for that is the language she wrote the book in. Otherwise, they must find a translated copy. She also wrote this book to preserve the legacy of the White Rose resistance. It is there for those who want to know more about them and learn their story. This book is important because it is a first hand account about the White Rose, despite the fact that Inge wasn't an active member in resisting.
Vinke, Hermann. The Short Life of Sophie Scholl. Trans. Hedwig Pachter. New York: Harper, 1980. Print. This book was originally written in Germany by Hermann Vinke. He wrote about the life of Sophie Scholl and what propelled her to resist. He also wrote about her experiences with resisting. What I found interesting is that, this book is not just his words. He wrote this book for those interested in Sophie as well as the White Rose. He includes pictures of the Scholl family, writings they wrote, and an interview with a friend of Inge Scholl. I have this source listed as a primary source because from this book, I am mainly using the interview and other quotes he provided. Vinke was not biased in his writing and provided specific information and relevant quotes. This source was important for my project because it told me how the White Rose resistance was a turning point for certain people, thus making my claim stronger.
Websites
Holocaust Research Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/wrleaflets.html>. This website is for the Holocaust Education and Archive Research Team, or H.E.A.R.T. This organization was first founded on October 8, 2006 by Carmelo Lisciotto and Chris Webb. The main goal of H.E.A.R.T. is to both inform, and educate people about the Holocaust and the Nazi's extermination programs. This website many ways of achieving this goal. There is information on many topics dealing with the Holocaust and WWII. They also have many pictures, stories, and other primary sources. This source was important, for me, because of the information it gave on the White Rose. The biggest piece of information I found would be translated copies of the White Rose leaflets in addition to pictures of the actual leaflets and the White Rose memorial. The information on this site was mainly unbiased.
1944. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/>. This website was made for the Warsaw Uprising Museum in Warsaw, Poland. It talks about what the museum is, how to get there, and basic information about the museum. It also has lots of information about the uprising on the website. There are numerous ways to get information including, interviews, pictures, and access to a virtual museum which contains written information on the uprising, the people involved, how it originated and more. There are also pictures, video, and audio to explain this information in a more interactive way. The information was slightly biased, seeing as the museum is favoring the Poles, however extremely valuable nonetheless.
The Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing at the University of Pennsylvannia. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/steinhouse.html>. This website contained an article from "The Real Oskar Schindler" by Herbert Steinhouse. This article is one of the only known articles that contains information from an interview with Schindler himself. This website was created for contemporary writing program at the University of Pennsylvania. This source would be good for anyone looking for the University of Pennsylvania's writing programs. It also would be useful for those researching holocaust-related topics because they have many articles and podcasts that contain valuable, even primary, information. I have this website listed as a primary source because the only things I am using from this website are quotes from Oskar Schindler. This source was useful because it included an interview with Oskar Schindler, which is very rare to find.
Video
Whitaker, Matt, dir. Truth and Conviction. Screenplay by Matt Whitaker. Prod. Matt Whitaker and Rick McFarland. Brigham Young University, 2002. Film. This documentary was definitely one of the most useful primary sources I was able to find. This documentary was given to me by my Great-Grandfather who shares my interest in the Helmuth Hubener group. This documentary tells the story of the group. How they met, how they came to resist, how they conducted their resisting, and more. Many people were interviewed for this documentary including, various professors dealing with Hubener and German resistance, journalists, even interviews with Karl-Heinz Schnibbe and Gerhard Kunkel who were resisters. The documentary also contains translated copies of the leaflets the group distributed. This documentary was made for those interested or researching the Hubener group. This documentary was important for my project because it gave me more knowledge about the Hubener group and also provided me with numerous useful quotes.
Video Podcast
Wittenstein, George. "Dr. George J. Wittenstein Member of 'The White Rose' (Part 1)." Interview by William Smithers and Lorrie Smithers. Episode #17. Just between Us. N.p., 5 Feb. 2009. Web. 9 Feb. 2013. <http://sb-justbetweenus.com/Post/dr-george-j-wittensteinthe-white-rose-in-world-war-ii-germany-part-1/>. William and Lorrie Smithers are both actors who used to do host the television show "Just Between Us!" "Just Between Us!" was a television on which they interviewed different people living in the Santa Barbra, California area. In the interview I used, the interviewee was George Wittenstein who was a member of the White Rose. This is why I have this source listed as a primary source, seeing as it is an interview with a member of a resistance group. In the interview, I learned more about why the group resisted, why they resisted how they did, and other information about the group. This interview is intended for followers of "Just Between Us!" however would be useful for anyone researching the White Rose. This source was important to me because it was an interview that gave me valuable, first hand information. The interview was also a great addition to my website.
Interview used with permission.
Pictures
Adolf Hitler Election. N.d. Wix. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://0.static.wix.com/media/9647ffe68f7cb7baf5ebe23ef2f9b807.wix_mp_1024>. This is a photograph of Adolf Hitler's election.
Alexander Schmorell. N.d. Tiscali Webspace. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://web.tiscali.it/aldofiorenza/img/schmorell1.jpg>. This is a photo of Alexander Schmorell.
"Brok", Eugeniusz Lokajski. MPW-IN/597. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/718/kategoria/91>. This image shows two soldiers watching a building burn.
"Chojna", Jerzy Chojnacki. MPW-IH/2309. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/5277/kategoria/99>. This picture shows a destroyed Warsaw, due to the uprising.
Christoph Probst. N.d. GDW Berlin. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.gdw-berlin.de/uploads/tx_gdwbiografien/7724.jpg>. This is a picture of Christoph Probst.
General Komorowski. N.d. Holocaust Research Project. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/trials/images/General%20Tadeus%20Bor-Komorowski.jpg>. This is a picture of General Komorowski.
George Wittenstein. N.d. Independent. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://media.independent.com/img/photos/2007/10/15/wittenstein_t479.jpg?6626f76dcd72edc2e28f46812c7026450162bdb2>. This is an image of George Wittenstein.
Hans Scholl. N.d. Wettbewerb: DankT@g Im Internet. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://denktag2001.denktag-archiv.de/projekte/05/seiten/Projekt-Dateien/image002.jpg>. This is a picture of Hans Scholl on a motorcycle.
Haneman, Eugeniusz. MPW-IN/2989. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/3451/kategoria/1>. This image shows a soldier peering out of a hole in a building.
Heinrich Himmler. N.d. Holocaust Research Project. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/himmler.html>. This is a photograph of Heinrich Himmler.
Helmuth Hubener. N.d. Landesjugendring Hamburg E.V. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.ljr-hh.de/uploads/pics/Helmuth_Huebener.JPG>. This is an image of Helmuth Hubener.
Helmuth Hubener's Execution Announcement. N.d. Was Konnten Sie Tun? Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.was-konnten-sie-tun.de/typo3temp/pics/h_huebener_bekanntmachung_8532_12_05_97857d7510.jpg>. This is a picture of Helmuth Hubener's execution announcement.
Helmuth Hubener Group. N.d. LDS Church News. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.ldschurchnews.com/media/photos/2002/8100.jpg>. This is a picture of the Helmuth Hubener group.
Helmuth Hubener Portrait. N.d. VVN/BdA NRW. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.nrw.vvn-bda.de/bilder/Portrait_Huebener_72dpi.jpg>. This is a portrait of Helmuth Hubener.
Jews in a Camp. N.d. Mestske Muzeum a Galerie Vesvitavach. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.muzeum.svitavy.cz/show.php?i=/UserFiles/fotogalerie/middle/255.jpg>. This picture is a photograph of Jews inside a Nazi camp.
Joachimczyk, Joachim. MPW-IH/5233. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/7158/kategoria/89>. This picture depicts two young children behind a barricade.
Kurt Huber. N.d. Department Kunstwiseenschaften. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.kunstwissenschaften.uni-muenchen.de/bilder/musik/kurt_huber_m.JPG>. This is a picture of Kurt Huber.
One of Schindler's Lists. N.d. Emilie Schindler. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.emilieschindler.com/Schindler/Albums/Album2/Large/5.jpg>. This is an image of one of Oskar Schindler's lists on which he listed the Jews that he was asking be brought to his camp.
Oskar Schindler. N.d. Mestske Muzeum a Galerie Vesvitavach. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.muzeum.svitavy.cz/show.php?i=/UserFiles/fotogalerie/middle/240.jpg>. This image is a photograph of Oskar Schindler. It depicts him in a portrait view wearing a hat.
Saying Goodbye. N.d. Holocaust Research Project. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html>. This photograph is of Sophie Scholl saying goodbye to her brother and Alexander Schmorell when the boys are leaving for war.
Schind2. N.d. Jewish Virtual Library. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/images/schind2.jpg>. This photograph depicts a group of young Jewish girls.
Schinda. N.d. Jewish Virtual Library. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www. org/images/schinda.jpg>. This is a photograph of Oskar Schindler with a Jewish family.jewishvirtuallibrary.
Sophie Scholl. N.d. Publishme. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://cdn.publishme.se/cdn/5-1/1084498/images/2011/sophie3_131770506.jpg>. This is a picture of Sophie Scholl.
Wanda Wasilewska. N.d. II Wojna Swiatowa. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.sww.w.szu.pl/postacie/post_polska/wasilewska2.jpg>. This is an image of Wanda Wasilewska.
Warsaw Uprising. N.d. War History. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.warhistory.ie/world-war-2/images/warsaw-uprising-0.jpg>. This image is a photograph from the Warsaw Uprising. It depicts soldiers walking through a burning Warsaw.
White Rose Leaflet and Memorial. N.d. Holocaust Research Project. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/wrleaflets.html>. The photographs on this page that I used, were pictures of a White Rose leaflet and of a White Rose Memorial in Ulm, Germany.
Willi Graf. N.d. Willi Graf Realschule. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.willi-graf-realschule.de/schule/willi/willigraf20.jpg>. This is a picture of Willi Graf.
Wojciechowski, Edward. MPW-IN/2482. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/2488/kategoria/65>. This photograph shows lines of Poles awaiting evacuation from Poland.
"Wyrwa", Marian Grabski. MPW-IN/1404. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/3451/kategoria/1>. This is an image of a soldier in a shooting position behind the rubble of a building.
Secondary Sources
Books
Axelrod, Toby. Holocaust Biographies: Hans and Sophie Scholl, German Resisters of the White Rose. New York: Rosen Group, 2001. Print. This book was written by Toby Axlerod in 2001. In this book he talks all about the White Rose. Who they all were, how they met, what caused them to resist, and more all the way to the executions. He wrote this book for those interested in, or researching the White Rose. He is very informative in his writing and isn't biased. This book was important to me because it told me more about the White Rose and provided me with more quotes and background information on the members.
Byers, Ann. Oskar Schindler Saving Jews from the Holocaust. Berkeley Heights: Enslow, 2005. Print. In this book, she provides information all about Oskar Schindler. She talks about who he was, how he became what he is known for, different things he had to deal with and much more. She has an interesting way of telling his story and includes quotes on almost every page of her book. She also inserts stories of different Jews that he saved throughout the book. She wrote this book for anyone researching Oskar Schindler. In her writing, she was very informative and unbiased, however she did include very biased quotes which I found made the book much more interesting. This book was useful to me because it gave me so much information about Oskar Schindler and also contained extremely useful quotes from different Jews he had saved.
Campbell Bartoletti, Susan. The Boy Who Dared. Broadway: Scholastic, 2008. Print. Without this book, my project would most definitely be different. Susan Campbell Bartoletti's book, "The Boy Who Dared" was written in 2008. She wrote a historical fiction book about Helmuth Hubener. She tells his story in first-person point of view, writing as if it was Helmuth recalling his memories of the Third Reich and his resisting while in his prison cell awaiting his execution. This book was really intended to be read for pleasure reading however, it does contain information that is historically correct. I also feel this book was written to tell the story of Helmuth Hubener in a fun way that will get the readers' attention and entice them to want to learn more. She was biased in her writing however, I can not see the book written in any other way. This book was important to me because it is what inspired me to pick this topic and it gave me many different leads to go off of for beginning my research.
- - -. Hitler Youth. Broadway: Scholastic, 2005. Print. This Bartoletti book was written, before her other book, in 2005. She wrote all about the Hitler Youth program. Including, what it was, what the members did, how it began, and more. She is very informative and unbiased in her writing. One of the things she talks about are notable Hitler Youth, including, members of the Helmuth Hubener group and a few White Rose members. I used the information she provided about their stories and different quotes she had. I also used her bibliography to find other sources. This book was intended for anyone researching anything that had to do with the Hitler Youth. What made this source significant was the information and quotes that she provided about the Helmuth Hubener and White Rose resistance groups. It was also helpful to see how what they went through with Hitler Youth actually helped to steer them to rebel.
Dumbach, Annette, and Jud Newborn. Shattering the German Night. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1986. Print. This book was written by Annette Dumbach and Dr. Jud Newborn in 1986. They wrote about the White Rose resistance. They explained why the White Rose rebelled, how big it was, who the members were, and more. This book also lead me to my interview with Dr. Jud Newborn. The book is very informative and was written for anyone interested in the White Rose or it's members. The writing was slightly biased but still useful, especially for the many quotes that were provided. This source was important for me because it lead me to my interview and gave me useful quotes.
Keinert, Karen. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Brookfield: Millbrook, 1993. Print. Karen Keinert wrote her book, "The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising" in 1993. She wrote about the uprising that took place in the Warsaw Ghetto. The Warsaw Ghetto was a ghetto for Jews in Warsaw and in 1943, the Jews decided to begin an uprising as a way to gain back their freedom. This book was intended for anyone inquiring the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Her writing is slightly biased but would still be useful for readers. This source was important to me because it told me that the Home Army did contribute some to this uprising, but that the Home Army mainly lead a different uprising, the Warsaw Uprising.
Lukas, Richard C. Forgotten Holocaust; The Poles under German Occupation 1939-1944. N.p.: UP of Kentucky, 1986. Print. This book was written by Richard C. Lukas. He has written different books about the Poles in WWII. It was written in 1986. He wrote about Poland being invaded by the Nazis in 1939, how it affected Poland, and how Poland fought back. He is biased in his writing, through his favoring of Poland. This book was intended for someone investigating the history of Poland, at least Poland during World War Two. This book was important to me because it told me more about what was going on before the Warsaw Uprising, how the uprising began, what the uprising was, how it ended, and how it affected both Poland and the Nazi party.
Savage, Jon. Teen Age. N.p.: Penguin Groups, 2007. Print. Teen Age was written by Jon Savage in 2007. He wrote about different teenagers throughout history that made a difference. He included the Helmuth Hubener and White Rose groups in his book. He gave a brief overview on who the groups were, what they did, and how it was important. He was slightly biased in his writing and favored different ideas. This book would be useful for someone looking for a topic dealing with teenagers and would be a good place to begin researching, seeing as he provides a summaries of different people. This source was important for me because it introduced me to different resistance groups however, it didn't provide me with specific information which is what I was looking for at the time I found the book.
Websites
History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Jews_Nazi_Germany.htm>. Chris Trueman created the History Learning Site in 2000. He made this website so people could have easier access to History, that's easier to comprehend, on the internet. He has many topics in different categories including, World War One, World War Two, Peter the Great, the American Civil War, and many more. When he talks about World War Two, he talks about resistances that happened during it. This was important to me because it gave more information on different resistances, and how many there were. I also found quotes that were useful to me. Chris is unbiased in his writing and very informative.
Polish Resistance AK. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/index.htm>. This website was a huge find for me. It was made by by numerous historians, and members of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. This website is all about the Warsaw Uprising. It is set up in an interesting way because it tells the information through articles that were written by different historians. The articles explain various aspects of the uprising and contain various, as well as useful, information. This website is intended for anyone who is analyzing the Polish Home Army or Polish history. The information is extremely informative however some is slightly biased. This source was important to me because it told me all about the Warsaw Uprising and led me to other useful sources.
Interviews
Newborn, Jud. E-mail interview. 5 Feb. 2013. This interview was extremely helpful to me. It was an email interview I conducted with Jud Newborn on February 5, 2013. Dr. Newborn helped to write the book "Shattering the German Night," which had helped me in my research. I was able to get in contact with him and ask him different questions I had about the White Rose. He was bias in his answering, because they were his opinions, however were still extremely helpful.
Books
Schnibbe, Karl-Heinz. When Truth Was Treason. Comp., ed. and trans. Blair R. Holmes and Alan Keele. Chicago: U of Illinois, n.d. Print. This was a great primary source. The author, Karl-Heinz Schnibbe, was a member of the Helmuth Hubener group. He wrote this book many years after his resistance activities. He talks about his and the other members' experiences with their resistance. This would be very useful for anyone researching this group or these people. It is a first-hand account on what they did and includes valuable information, documents, and pictures. However, the only time I could use it was at the University of Washington Library. As I had a limited amount of time, I could only scan a few pages but what I could get has been a huge help to me. I was able to find documents, pictures, and even the groups Gestapo questioning sheets. These all gave me more information on their resistance and helped me to realize just how much the Gestapo "questioned" their prisoners.
Scholl, Inge. Die WeiBe Rose. Ed. Erika Meyer. Cambridge: Riverside, 1953. Print. Die WeiBe Rose was written by Inge Scholl who was the older sister of Hans and Sophie Scholl. She wrote this book after the war to explain who the White Rose were, what they did, and how the resisting began. She writes about her thoughts on the White Rose and how her family, including Hans and Sophie, felt about the White Rose. However, to read this book, the reader must be able to read German, for that is the language she wrote the book in. Otherwise, they must find a translated copy. She also wrote this book to preserve the legacy of the White Rose resistance. It is there for those who want to know more about them and learn their story. This book is important because it is a first hand account about the White Rose, despite the fact that Inge wasn't an active member in resisting.
Vinke, Hermann. The Short Life of Sophie Scholl. Trans. Hedwig Pachter. New York: Harper, 1980. Print. This book was originally written in Germany by Hermann Vinke. He wrote about the life of Sophie Scholl and what propelled her to resist. He also wrote about her experiences with resisting. What I found interesting is that, this book is not just his words. He wrote this book for those interested in Sophie as well as the White Rose. He includes pictures of the Scholl family, writings they wrote, and an interview with a friend of Inge Scholl. I have this source listed as a primary source because from this book, I am mainly using the interview and other quotes he provided. Vinke was not biased in his writing and provided specific information and relevant quotes. This source was important for my project because it told me how the White Rose resistance was a turning point for certain people, thus making my claim stronger.
Websites
Holocaust Research Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/wrleaflets.html>. This website is for the Holocaust Education and Archive Research Team, or H.E.A.R.T. This organization was first founded on October 8, 2006 by Carmelo Lisciotto and Chris Webb. The main goal of H.E.A.R.T. is to both inform, and educate people about the Holocaust and the Nazi's extermination programs. This website many ways of achieving this goal. There is information on many topics dealing with the Holocaust and WWII. They also have many pictures, stories, and other primary sources. This source was important, for me, because of the information it gave on the White Rose. The biggest piece of information I found would be translated copies of the White Rose leaflets in addition to pictures of the actual leaflets and the White Rose memorial. The information on this site was mainly unbiased.
1944. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/>. This website was made for the Warsaw Uprising Museum in Warsaw, Poland. It talks about what the museum is, how to get there, and basic information about the museum. It also has lots of information about the uprising on the website. There are numerous ways to get information including, interviews, pictures, and access to a virtual museum which contains written information on the uprising, the people involved, how it originated and more. There are also pictures, video, and audio to explain this information in a more interactive way. The information was slightly biased, seeing as the museum is favoring the Poles, however extremely valuable nonetheless.
The Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing at the University of Pennsylvannia. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/steinhouse.html>. This website contained an article from "The Real Oskar Schindler" by Herbert Steinhouse. This article is one of the only known articles that contains information from an interview with Schindler himself. This website was created for contemporary writing program at the University of Pennsylvania. This source would be good for anyone looking for the University of Pennsylvania's writing programs. It also would be useful for those researching holocaust-related topics because they have many articles and podcasts that contain valuable, even primary, information. I have this website listed as a primary source because the only things I am using from this website are quotes from Oskar Schindler. This source was useful because it included an interview with Oskar Schindler, which is very rare to find.
Video
Whitaker, Matt, dir. Truth and Conviction. Screenplay by Matt Whitaker. Prod. Matt Whitaker and Rick McFarland. Brigham Young University, 2002. Film. This documentary was definitely one of the most useful primary sources I was able to find. This documentary was given to me by my Great-Grandfather who shares my interest in the Helmuth Hubener group. This documentary tells the story of the group. How they met, how they came to resist, how they conducted their resisting, and more. Many people were interviewed for this documentary including, various professors dealing with Hubener and German resistance, journalists, even interviews with Karl-Heinz Schnibbe and Gerhard Kunkel who were resisters. The documentary also contains translated copies of the leaflets the group distributed. This documentary was made for those interested or researching the Hubener group. This documentary was important for my project because it gave me more knowledge about the Hubener group and also provided me with numerous useful quotes.
Video Podcast
Wittenstein, George. "Dr. George J. Wittenstein Member of 'The White Rose' (Part 1)." Interview by William Smithers and Lorrie Smithers. Episode #17. Just between Us. N.p., 5 Feb. 2009. Web. 9 Feb. 2013. <http://sb-justbetweenus.com/Post/dr-george-j-wittensteinthe-white-rose-in-world-war-ii-germany-part-1/>. William and Lorrie Smithers are both actors who used to do host the television show "Just Between Us!" "Just Between Us!" was a television on which they interviewed different people living in the Santa Barbra, California area. In the interview I used, the interviewee was George Wittenstein who was a member of the White Rose. This is why I have this source listed as a primary source, seeing as it is an interview with a member of a resistance group. In the interview, I learned more about why the group resisted, why they resisted how they did, and other information about the group. This interview is intended for followers of "Just Between Us!" however would be useful for anyone researching the White Rose. This source was important to me because it was an interview that gave me valuable, first hand information. The interview was also a great addition to my website.
Interview used with permission.
Pictures
Adolf Hitler Election. N.d. Wix. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://0.static.wix.com/media/9647ffe68f7cb7baf5ebe23ef2f9b807.wix_mp_1024>. This is a photograph of Adolf Hitler's election.
Alexander Schmorell. N.d. Tiscali Webspace. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://web.tiscali.it/aldofiorenza/img/schmorell1.jpg>. This is a photo of Alexander Schmorell.
"Brok", Eugeniusz Lokajski. MPW-IN/597. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/718/kategoria/91>. This image shows two soldiers watching a building burn.
"Chojna", Jerzy Chojnacki. MPW-IH/2309. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/5277/kategoria/99>. This picture shows a destroyed Warsaw, due to the uprising.
Christoph Probst. N.d. GDW Berlin. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.gdw-berlin.de/uploads/tx_gdwbiografien/7724.jpg>. This is a picture of Christoph Probst.
General Komorowski. N.d. Holocaust Research Project. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/trials/images/General%20Tadeus%20Bor-Komorowski.jpg>. This is a picture of General Komorowski.
George Wittenstein. N.d. Independent. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://media.independent.com/img/photos/2007/10/15/wittenstein_t479.jpg?6626f76dcd72edc2e28f46812c7026450162bdb2>. This is an image of George Wittenstein.
Hans Scholl. N.d. Wettbewerb: DankT@g Im Internet. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://denktag2001.denktag-archiv.de/projekte/05/seiten/Projekt-Dateien/image002.jpg>. This is a picture of Hans Scholl on a motorcycle.
Haneman, Eugeniusz. MPW-IN/2989. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/3451/kategoria/1>. This image shows a soldier peering out of a hole in a building.
Heinrich Himmler. N.d. Holocaust Research Project. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/himmler.html>. This is a photograph of Heinrich Himmler.
Helmuth Hubener. N.d. Landesjugendring Hamburg E.V. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.ljr-hh.de/uploads/pics/Helmuth_Huebener.JPG>. This is an image of Helmuth Hubener.
Helmuth Hubener's Execution Announcement. N.d. Was Konnten Sie Tun? Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.was-konnten-sie-tun.de/typo3temp/pics/h_huebener_bekanntmachung_8532_12_05_97857d7510.jpg>. This is a picture of Helmuth Hubener's execution announcement.
Helmuth Hubener Group. N.d. LDS Church News. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.ldschurchnews.com/media/photos/2002/8100.jpg>. This is a picture of the Helmuth Hubener group.
Helmuth Hubener Portrait. N.d. VVN/BdA NRW. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.nrw.vvn-bda.de/bilder/Portrait_Huebener_72dpi.jpg>. This is a portrait of Helmuth Hubener.
Jews in a Camp. N.d. Mestske Muzeum a Galerie Vesvitavach. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.muzeum.svitavy.cz/show.php?i=/UserFiles/fotogalerie/middle/255.jpg>. This picture is a photograph of Jews inside a Nazi camp.
Joachimczyk, Joachim. MPW-IH/5233. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/7158/kategoria/89>. This picture depicts two young children behind a barricade.
Kurt Huber. N.d. Department Kunstwiseenschaften. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.kunstwissenschaften.uni-muenchen.de/bilder/musik/kurt_huber_m.JPG>. This is a picture of Kurt Huber.
One of Schindler's Lists. N.d. Emilie Schindler. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.emilieschindler.com/Schindler/Albums/Album2/Large/5.jpg>. This is an image of one of Oskar Schindler's lists on which he listed the Jews that he was asking be brought to his camp.
Oskar Schindler. N.d. Mestske Muzeum a Galerie Vesvitavach. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.muzeum.svitavy.cz/show.php?i=/UserFiles/fotogalerie/middle/240.jpg>. This image is a photograph of Oskar Schindler. It depicts him in a portrait view wearing a hat.
Saying Goodbye. N.d. Holocaust Research Project. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/whiterose.html>. This photograph is of Sophie Scholl saying goodbye to her brother and Alexander Schmorell when the boys are leaving for war.
Schind2. N.d. Jewish Virtual Library. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/images/schind2.jpg>. This photograph depicts a group of young Jewish girls.
Schinda. N.d. Jewish Virtual Library. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www. org/images/schinda.jpg>. This is a photograph of Oskar Schindler with a Jewish family.jewishvirtuallibrary.
Sophie Scholl. N.d. Publishme. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://cdn.publishme.se/cdn/5-1/1084498/images/2011/sophie3_131770506.jpg>. This is a picture of Sophie Scholl.
Wanda Wasilewska. N.d. II Wojna Swiatowa. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.sww.w.szu.pl/postacie/post_polska/wasilewska2.jpg>. This is an image of Wanda Wasilewska.
Warsaw Uprising. N.d. War History. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.warhistory.ie/world-war-2/images/warsaw-uprising-0.jpg>. This image is a photograph from the Warsaw Uprising. It depicts soldiers walking through a burning Warsaw.
White Rose Leaflet and Memorial. N.d. Holocaust Research Project. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/wrleaflets.html>. The photographs on this page that I used, were pictures of a White Rose leaflet and of a White Rose Memorial in Ulm, Germany.
Willi Graf. N.d. Willi Graf Realschule. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.willi-graf-realschule.de/schule/willi/willigraf20.jpg>. This is a picture of Willi Graf.
Wojciechowski, Edward. MPW-IN/2482. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/2488/kategoria/65>. This photograph shows lines of Poles awaiting evacuation from Poland.
"Wyrwa", Marian Grabski. MPW-IN/1404. N.d. Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, Warsaw. 1944. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.1944.pl/galerie/fototeka/foto/3451/kategoria/1>. This is an image of a soldier in a shooting position behind the rubble of a building.
Secondary Sources
Books
Axelrod, Toby. Holocaust Biographies: Hans and Sophie Scholl, German Resisters of the White Rose. New York: Rosen Group, 2001. Print. This book was written by Toby Axlerod in 2001. In this book he talks all about the White Rose. Who they all were, how they met, what caused them to resist, and more all the way to the executions. He wrote this book for those interested in, or researching the White Rose. He is very informative in his writing and isn't biased. This book was important to me because it told me more about the White Rose and provided me with more quotes and background information on the members.
Byers, Ann. Oskar Schindler Saving Jews from the Holocaust. Berkeley Heights: Enslow, 2005. Print. In this book, she provides information all about Oskar Schindler. She talks about who he was, how he became what he is known for, different things he had to deal with and much more. She has an interesting way of telling his story and includes quotes on almost every page of her book. She also inserts stories of different Jews that he saved throughout the book. She wrote this book for anyone researching Oskar Schindler. In her writing, she was very informative and unbiased, however she did include very biased quotes which I found made the book much more interesting. This book was useful to me because it gave me so much information about Oskar Schindler and also contained extremely useful quotes from different Jews he had saved.
Campbell Bartoletti, Susan. The Boy Who Dared. Broadway: Scholastic, 2008. Print. Without this book, my project would most definitely be different. Susan Campbell Bartoletti's book, "The Boy Who Dared" was written in 2008. She wrote a historical fiction book about Helmuth Hubener. She tells his story in first-person point of view, writing as if it was Helmuth recalling his memories of the Third Reich and his resisting while in his prison cell awaiting his execution. This book was really intended to be read for pleasure reading however, it does contain information that is historically correct. I also feel this book was written to tell the story of Helmuth Hubener in a fun way that will get the readers' attention and entice them to want to learn more. She was biased in her writing however, I can not see the book written in any other way. This book was important to me because it is what inspired me to pick this topic and it gave me many different leads to go off of for beginning my research.
- - -. Hitler Youth. Broadway: Scholastic, 2005. Print. This Bartoletti book was written, before her other book, in 2005. She wrote all about the Hitler Youth program. Including, what it was, what the members did, how it began, and more. She is very informative and unbiased in her writing. One of the things she talks about are notable Hitler Youth, including, members of the Helmuth Hubener group and a few White Rose members. I used the information she provided about their stories and different quotes she had. I also used her bibliography to find other sources. This book was intended for anyone researching anything that had to do with the Hitler Youth. What made this source significant was the information and quotes that she provided about the Helmuth Hubener and White Rose resistance groups. It was also helpful to see how what they went through with Hitler Youth actually helped to steer them to rebel.
Dumbach, Annette, and Jud Newborn. Shattering the German Night. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1986. Print. This book was written by Annette Dumbach and Dr. Jud Newborn in 1986. They wrote about the White Rose resistance. They explained why the White Rose rebelled, how big it was, who the members were, and more. This book also lead me to my interview with Dr. Jud Newborn. The book is very informative and was written for anyone interested in the White Rose or it's members. The writing was slightly biased but still useful, especially for the many quotes that were provided. This source was important for me because it lead me to my interview and gave me useful quotes.
Keinert, Karen. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Brookfield: Millbrook, 1993. Print. Karen Keinert wrote her book, "The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising" in 1993. She wrote about the uprising that took place in the Warsaw Ghetto. The Warsaw Ghetto was a ghetto for Jews in Warsaw and in 1943, the Jews decided to begin an uprising as a way to gain back their freedom. This book was intended for anyone inquiring the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Her writing is slightly biased but would still be useful for readers. This source was important to me because it told me that the Home Army did contribute some to this uprising, but that the Home Army mainly lead a different uprising, the Warsaw Uprising.
Lukas, Richard C. Forgotten Holocaust; The Poles under German Occupation 1939-1944. N.p.: UP of Kentucky, 1986. Print. This book was written by Richard C. Lukas. He has written different books about the Poles in WWII. It was written in 1986. He wrote about Poland being invaded by the Nazis in 1939, how it affected Poland, and how Poland fought back. He is biased in his writing, through his favoring of Poland. This book was intended for someone investigating the history of Poland, at least Poland during World War Two. This book was important to me because it told me more about what was going on before the Warsaw Uprising, how the uprising began, what the uprising was, how it ended, and how it affected both Poland and the Nazi party.
Savage, Jon. Teen Age. N.p.: Penguin Groups, 2007. Print. Teen Age was written by Jon Savage in 2007. He wrote about different teenagers throughout history that made a difference. He included the Helmuth Hubener and White Rose groups in his book. He gave a brief overview on who the groups were, what they did, and how it was important. He was slightly biased in his writing and favored different ideas. This book would be useful for someone looking for a topic dealing with teenagers and would be a good place to begin researching, seeing as he provides a summaries of different people. This source was important for me because it introduced me to different resistance groups however, it didn't provide me with specific information which is what I was looking for at the time I found the book.
Websites
History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Jews_Nazi_Germany.htm>. Chris Trueman created the History Learning Site in 2000. He made this website so people could have easier access to History, that's easier to comprehend, on the internet. He has many topics in different categories including, World War One, World War Two, Peter the Great, the American Civil War, and many more. When he talks about World War Two, he talks about resistances that happened during it. This was important to me because it gave more information on different resistances, and how many there were. I also found quotes that were useful to me. Chris is unbiased in his writing and very informative.
Polish Resistance AK. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/index.htm>. This website was a huge find for me. It was made by by numerous historians, and members of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. This website is all about the Warsaw Uprising. It is set up in an interesting way because it tells the information through articles that were written by different historians. The articles explain various aspects of the uprising and contain various, as well as useful, information. This website is intended for anyone who is analyzing the Polish Home Army or Polish history. The information is extremely informative however some is slightly biased. This source was important to me because it told me all about the Warsaw Uprising and led me to other useful sources.
Interviews
Newborn, Jud. E-mail interview. 5 Feb. 2013. This interview was extremely helpful to me. It was an email interview I conducted with Jud Newborn on February 5, 2013. Dr. Newborn helped to write the book "Shattering the German Night," which had helped me in my research. I was able to get in contact with him and ask him different questions I had about the White Rose. He was bias in his answering, because they were his opinions, however were still extremely helpful.